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巧辨句子结构和逻辑关系 GRE填空题轻松攻克
1.分析句子结构
分隔与粘连是主要的重复信息的方式
A. 分隔：句子中对主干进行修饰或补充的成分
定语从句：that 同位语：that who “，” 插入语：“，” 分词结构：分词 不定式结构：to 介词短语：介词
B. 粘连：由分号或冒号分开的上下句结构(大粘连)和一个句子内部的直接简单重复(小粘连);大粘连：直接同义重复：并列、因果关系词
双重否定与肯定句重复：(1)A;not 非A (2)A;It’s wrong/foolish/presumptuous to say 非A
主动句与被动句重复：is the result of is the outgrowth of is the product of A?B;B?by A
逆否命题重复：A?B;非B?非 A(无被动句标志词)
比较句重复：to the same degree/extent as…as more/less -er better than
手段目的句重复：by for in terms of
特殊并列句重复：包含两个并列关系从句的句式
时间对比句重复：once formerly initial pristine erstwhile hereto hitherto now futurebefore recent begin start create until no longer previous
比喻句重复：like as
小粘连：and but rather than even as…as so…as to…
2.判断句子逻辑关系
找出信号词，判断句子的并列、转折关系和正(+)、反(—)态度关系
A. 并列关系：并列 递进 条件 因果 分号、冒号、破折号
并列：and also or just as similarly correspondingly in the same way indeed accordingly
递进：even
因果：derive from lead to due to because cause since for therefore thus hence in thatso…that so…as to as a result result in result from accordingly consequently give rise to
B. 让步、转折：even though although even…though while whereas but yet howevernevertheless notwithstanding despite in spite of in contrast to on the contrary on theother hand far from rather than whatever otherwise ironically illogically paradoxicallycuriously surprisingly unfortunately although…， remain/continue(两次转折，— + —)
分号
C. 的正、反态度：态度语气词;在没有中心词时，特别要注意靠空格的正、反态度来解题
D. 强烈对比：时间强对比 人物强对比 对象强对比(句子叙述对象的转移)
E. 照应：人称代词：it 指示代词：such this that those these 定冠词：the
F. 主体词：主体动词：continue remain shift from…to oscillate between…and turn…intoreconcile…and… 人物身份名词 特征人物的特征性质或特征动作
3.定位中心词
定位与空格对应的词汇或短语;无中心词时一般要根据句子逻辑关系两空格同时做，两空格相隔很近时一般也要同时做
解题：以上三步是做题的关键，体现了解题的思路流程，但并不是每题都必须完成这三步才能解题，这三步分别强调了解题的不同方面和角度，一般用两步或三步即可解题。
四种错误原因：
A. 逻辑关系弄反
B. 因为句子复杂或含义晦涩， 找不到中心词
C. 没有中心词
D. 选项中的词义理解不到位
GRE考试精选填空模拟试题及答案解析
60. The following appeared in a letter from a firm providing investment advice for a client.
"Most homes in the northeastern United States, where winters are typically cold, have traditionally used oil as their major fuel for heating. Last heating season that region experienced 90 days with below-normal temperatures, and climate forecasters predict that this weather pattern will continue for several more years. Furthermore, many new homes are being built in the region in response to recent population growth. Because of these trends, we predict an increased demand for heating oil and recommend investment in Consolidated Industries, one of whose major business operations is the retail sale of home heating oil."
Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.
解析
Step One
文章共4句话，各自的核心意思是：
1、美国东北部大多数家庭用燃油取暖;
2、上个取暖季经历了90天低于常温的气候，以及未来将会持续若干年;
3、此外，因为人口增长，许多新的房屋正在被建造;
4、所以，我们预测燃油需求会增加以及投资C公司，它的业务之一是销售家庭用燃油。
Step Two
文章的结构是：
1、是背景;
2、3推导出4;
Step Three
寻找逻辑错误
a. 数据问题：90天不一定长;
b. 论据含糊：专家预测;
c. 时间外推：许多新房屋也会用燃油取暖;
d. 利润问题：C公司会很好。
难点总结
本题难点在于：从字面上找到的逻辑错误没法用常规的方式攻击，需要转变思路。然而万变不离其宗，明白逻辑错误的原理，合适很容易解决问题的。
GRE考试精选填空模拟试题及答案解析
GRE阅读题及解析：
The damage that trucks do to highwaysescalates dramatically with the weight borne per axle. New regulations increasethe maximum permitted vehicle weight; these regulations will therefore allowonto the highway trucks capable of doing even more damage than those currentlypermitted.
1. The argument is open up to criticismon the grounds that it
A. fails to establish that the level ofdamage done by trucks is a serious problem
B. omits evidence about one of the tworelevant factors
C. ignores the possibility that carefuldriving can lessen damage to highways
D. presumes that trucks are the onlyvehicles capable of causing substantial damage to highways
E. presumes that something is bound tohappen just because it is allowed to happen
大家注意：该题让找文章推理最关键的漏洞。
文章结构很简单，说，货车对高速公路的破坏随轴(axle)载重量的增加而增加。
新规则提高了允许的货车载重量，所以新规则将允许能对高速公路造成更大伤害的货车上路。
选哪个呢?
解析
答案：B
解析：相信很多同学选的是E选项。很遗憾，选错啦!为什么E选项不对，B选项是正确答案呢?
注意，E选项说，因为某事允许(allow)发生所以注定(bound to)发生，而文章结论就到允许(allow)发生的层面，根本没有对于是否“注定(bound to)发生”的判断。千万注意，“货车一定会对高速公路造成更大破坏”只是我们的臆想，不是文章的结论呀!
B选项正确，文章推理确实犯了B选项所描述的错误：忽略了两个关键因素中的一个。注意，文章说，货车是否能对高速公路造成破坏的关键因素是轴(axle)载重量，轴(axle)载重量决定于两个关键因素：1 总载重量，2 轴的数量。新规定只是关于总载重量，遗漏了“轴的数量”问题。
GRE考试精选填空模拟试题及答案解析
Remelting old metal cans rather than making primary aluminum from bauxite ore shipped from overseas saves producers millions of dollars in ___ and production costs.
A distribution
B salvage
C storage
D procurement
E research
F purchase
选DF
翻译：用回收熔炼金属罐头盒取代通过冶炼海外进口铝土矿的方式来获得铝，在获取原料和生产环节，可为制造商节省数百万美元。
primary 天然的，从地球表面取得原料制取材料或制成商品的
bauxite 铝土矿
distribution 分布，散布，分配，流通，排列
salvage 救援，抢救
procurement 获得，获取
purchase 挣得，购买
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